[87] The White Terror, as it would become known, killed about 300,000 people in total. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site. Blog. Remnants of Kolchak's army reached Transbaikalia and joined Semyonov's troops, forming the Far Eastern army. [13] The Bolsheviks overcame opposition of rural Russians to Red Army conscription units by taking hostages and shooting them when necessary in order to force compliance. Ufa was retaken on 13 March; by mid-April, the White Army stopped at the Glazov–Chistopol–Bugulma–Buguruslan–Sharlyk line. [46][47]The Cheka special investigations forces were also charged with the detection of sabotage and counter-revolutionary activity by Red Army soldiers and commanders. Type : Médaille de la guerre civile russe. 7 benefits of working from home; Jan. 26, 2021. [76] Boris Sennikov estimated the total losses among the population of Tambov region in 1920 to 1922 resulting from the war, executions, and imprisonment in concentration camps as approximately 240,000. It called itself a “soviet” government, a “workers’ and peasants’ government”, and justified its decrees in terms of “workers’ and peasants’ power” or “democracy”. It did not nationalise industry until forced to, from below, in late 1918. For example, cotton production fell to 5%, and iron to 2%, of pre-war levels. In October 1919 he tried to capture Petrograd in a sudden assault with a force of around 20,000 men. Volunteers of this small army were mostly officers of the old Russian army, military cadets and students. Their military forces, bolstered by forced conscriptions and terror[18] as well as foreign influence, under the leadership of General Nikolai Yudenich, Admiral Alexander Kolchak and General Anton Denikin, became known as the White movement (sometimes referred to as the "White Army") and controlled significant parts of the former Russian Empire for most of the war. Title: Civil War (Guerre Civile) Artist: Edouard Manet (French, Paris 1832–1883 Paris) Date: 1871–73, published 1874. La guerre civile russe (1918-1920) by Jean-Christophe BUISSON. "Reconsidering the Ukrainian Revolution 1917–1921: The Dialectics of National Liberation and Social Emancipation. [77], During the Red Terror, estimates of Cheka executions range from 12,733 to 1.7 million. [37] Even before the failed summer offensive the Russian population was very skeptical about the continuation of the war. Despite this setback, Moscow was loath to aid Makhno and the Black Army and refused to provide arms to anarchist forces in Ukraine. 2857045182. [3]:7 Several parts of the former Russian Empire—Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland—were established as sovereign states, with their own civil wars and wars of independence. To meet this danger the Allies intervened with Great Britain and France sending troops into Russian ports. 1917. The smaller body (Kiev and Odessa troops) withdrew to Odessa and the Crimea, which it had managed to protect from the Bolsheviks during the winter of 1919–1920. [22][23], Finland was the first republic that declared its independence from Russia in December 1917 and established itself in the ensuing Finnish Civil War from January–May 1918. The two largest combatant groups were the Red Army, fighting for the Bolshevik form of socialism led by Vladimir Lenin, and the loosely allied forces known as the White Army, which included diverse interests favouring political monarchism, capitalism and social democracy, each with democratic and anti-democratic variants. Publication date. Content developer and educator. Change ), You are commenting using your Google account. The rest of the former Russian Empire was consolidated into the Soviet Union shortly afterwards.[10]. [11], The Red Army also utilized former Tsarist officers as "military specialists" (voenspetsy);[15] sometimes their families were taken hostage in order to ensure their loyalty. In September–October, heavy fighting took place at Armavir and Stavropol. [1]:287, Many pro-independence movements emerged after the break-up of the Russian Empire and fought in the war. [67] Although this communication failure weakened the Red Army, the Bolsheviks continued their efforts to gain support for the Bolshevik Party in Central Asia by holding a second regional conference in March. Intervention alliée pendant la guerre civile russe; Portail:Anarchisme/26 novembre; Bataille de Peregonovka; Sémion Karetnik; Usage on gl.wikipedia.org Hetmanato (1918) Usage on hr.wikipedia.org Ruski građanski rat; ISBN-13. Both sides had victories and losses, but by the middle of summer the Red Army was larger than the White Army and had managed to recapture territory previously lost.[58]. Aller au contenu (Pressez Entrée) Domogik. shipping: + $4.87 shipping . Последние бои на Дальнем Востоке. In Omsk the Russian Provisional Government quickly came under the influence – then the dominance – of its new War Minister, Rear-Admiral Kolchak. [85] Punitive organs of the All Great Don Cossack Host sentenced 25,000 people to death between May 1918 and January 1919. The leading Tsarist officers of the Imperial Russian Army also started to resist. Volume 26, Number 10--Sunday, January 10, 2021. Epidemics spread and death strikes—industry is ruined. Winston Churchill declared that Bolshevism must be "strangled in its cradle". By 1919 they had begun to run short of supplies. Reds started their counteroffensive against Kolchak's forces at the end of April. In the Ural-Guryev operation of 1919–1920, the Red Turkestan Front defeated the Ural Army. The droughts of 1920 and 1921, as well as the 1921 famine, worsened the disaster still further. It can also be roughly split into the following periods. М., Центрполиграф, 2005. The Red Army recaptured Kiev on 17 December and the defeated Cossacks fled back towards the Black Sea. [71], After Moscow's Bolshevik government signed a military and political alliance with Nestor Makhno and the Ukrainian anarchists, the Black Army attacked and defeated several regiments of Wrangel's troops in southern Ukraine, forcing him to retreat before he could capture that year's grain harvest. Western socialists had promptly arrived from France and from the UK to convince the Russians to continue the fight, but could not change the new pacifist mood of Russia. Content developer and educator. By mid-June the Reds were chased from the Crimea and the Odessa area. The civil war was won only by heroic efforts of agitation – as when, a bit later, Trotsky single-handedly convinced 15,000 deserters in Riazan to adhere to the Red Army – but, as the war went on, it was coupled with increased ruthlessness. Yekaterinodar was encircled on 1 August and fell on the 3rd. By 19 October Yudenich's troops had reached the outskirts of the city. [66] Despite this success for the Red Army, the White Army's assaults in European Russia and other areas broke communication between Moscow and Tashkent. By the end of July the Whites had extended their gains westwards, capturing Ekaterinburg on 26 July 1918. The Cossacks had been unable to organise and capitalise on their successes at the end of 1918. Jean-Jacques Marie. [57], At the beginning of March 1919 the general offensive of the Whites on the eastern front began. French forces landed in Odessa but, after having done almost no fighting, withdrew on 8 April 1919. ", Smele, Jonathan D. "‘If Grandma had Whiskers...': Could the Anti-Bolsheviks have won the Russian Revolutions and Civil Wars? ... * Estimated delivery dates- opens in a new window or tab include seller's handling time, … With the main base of the Russian SFSR secured, the Soviets could now strike back. Williams, Beryl, The Russian Revolution 1917–1921, Blackwell Publishing Ltd. (1987), Howard Fuller, "Great Britain and Russia’s Civil War:“The Necessity for a Definite and Coherent Policy”. Project manager, content developer and educator. The Russian army was officially demobilised by the Soviet government on 12 February 1917, but in any case could not possibly have been used by the Soviets as their instrument. Already on the date of the Revolution, Cossack General Alexey Kaledin refused to recognize it and assumed full governmental authority in the Don region,[26] where the Volunteer Army began amassing support. The next day, the Bolsheviks were able to arrest Krasnov. J-J Marie establishes that the conventional account, according to which the civil war was over by the start of 1921, and all the “emergency” measures by the Bolsheviks after that stemmed only from the Bolsheviks’ supposed lack of democratic understanding, is false. ... Général Janin Russie Guerre civile russe Révolution 1917 Russes blanc militaire. On 31 October, only a few days after the Soviets took power, General Krasnov attempted to lead his Cossacks against the new government. Despite the Bolsheviks' seizure of power, they lost to the Socialist Revolutionary Party in the 1917 Russian Constituent Assembly election, and the Constituent Assembly was dissolved by the Bolsheviks. The White front had no depth or stability—it had become a series of patrols with occasional columns of slowly advancing troops without reserves. Mon projet de français d'étape 1 de secondaire trois . Les Evénements en Europe et en France: Accueil ... Pierre Ier et Louis XV: Paul Ier: Nicolas II: Chronologie de l'Histoire russe: Chronologie de la guerre civile: 1917: 1919: 1920: 1918: Janvier: 5 : Dissolution par les bolcheviks de l'Assemblée constituante où ils étaient minoritaires. Guerre civile et consolidation de l'URSS La consolidation politique de la Russie a commencé en 1918. January 1, 1997. On 13 October Gen. Kazanovich's division took Armavir, and on 1 November Gen. Pyotr Wrangel secured Stavropol. La Guerre Civile Russe 1917 1922: Armées Paysannes, Rouges, Blanches Et Vertes by. At first the White armies' advances from the south (under Denikin), the east (under Kolchak) and the northwest (under Yudenich) were successful, forcing the Red Army and its allies back on all three fronts. We'll publish them on our site once we've reviewed them. Not long after this Kolchak was arrested by the disaffected Czechoslovak Corps as he traveled towards Irkutsk without the protection of the army, and turned over to the socialist Political Centre in Irkutsk. [48] In August, frustrated at continued reports of Red Army troops breaking under fire, Trotsky authorised the formation of barrier troops – stationed behind unreliable Red Army units and given orders to shoot anyone withdrawing from the battle line without authorisation.[49]. Under pressure from the Central Powers, Trotsky ordered the disarming and arrest of the legionaries, which created tensions with the Bolsheviks. L'Union des Républiques Socialistes Soviétiques (URSS), a été constituée en 1922. ... on n’y est plus dans une situation de guerre civile larvée . [91], The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of, Ukraine, South Russia, and Caucasus (1918), Eastern Russia, Siberia and Far East of Russia (1918), South Russia, Ukraine and Kronstadt (1920–21), These authorities were created between the collapse of the Russian Republic and creation of the Russian State, The main phase ended on October 25, 1922. Weight : 138,5 g. Edge : lisse. In May 1918, the Czech Legion in Russia revolted in Siberia. The February Revolution of 1917 resulted in the abdication of Nicholas II of Russia. On 14 November 1919 the Red Army captured Omsk. The signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk also resulted in direct Allied intervention in Russia and the arming of military forces opposed to the Bolshevik government. Les Blancs et les Rouges: Histoire de la guerre civile russe (PYGMALION HISTOIRE) (French Edition) [Venner, Dominique] on Amazon.com. The second period of the war lasted from January to November 1919. Dimensions. The Black Army, which counted numerous Jews and Ukrainian peasants in its ranks, played a key part in halting Denikin's White Army offensive towards Moscow during 1919, later ejecting White forces from Crimea. In November, General Mikhail Alekseev, the Tsar's Chief of Staff during the First World War, began to organize the Volunteer Army in Novocherkassk. Lenin personally apologized to the Germans for the assassination. Polish-Soviet War, 1919-1921 Part II Arguably one of the most important “Inter-War” conflicts of 1919-1938, the Polish-Soviet War of 1919-1920 was fought between a newly created and independent Polish Republic (1918-1939) and Bolshevik Russia in Poland, in the Baltic and Galicia and Western Ukraine primarily. This is a book worth reading, even though the style is curiously distant, and you will have to draw “the lessons” yourself from facts presented in the manner of a “flat” narrative. Create a free website or blog at WordPress.com. Some members of the Bolshevik central committee in Moscow were willing to give up Petrograd, but Trotsky refused to accept the loss of the city and personally organized its defenses. Major Ewen Cameron Bruce of the British Army had volunteered to command a British tank mission assisting the White Army. AU. 978-2857045182. The Czechoslovak Legions had been part of the Russian Army and numbered around 30,000 troops by October 1917. Most of the fighting in this first period was sporadic, involving only small groups amid a fluid and rapidly shifting strategic situation. This rendered possible another threat to the Red Army—one from Gen. Yudenich, who had spent the summer organizing the Northwestern Army in Estonia with local and British support. Six days later this regime was replaced by a Bolshevik-dominated Military-Revolutionary Committee. Vol I". The Ottoman Army of Islam (in coalition with Azerbaijan) drove them out of Baku on 26 July 1918. [88], At the end of the Civil War the Russian SFSR was exhausted and near ruin. [20], The German Empire created several short-lived satellite buffer states within its sphere of influence after the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk: the United Baltic Duchy, Duchy of Courland and Semigallia, Kingdom of Lithuania, Kingdom of Poland,[21] the Belarusian People's Republic, and the Ukrainian State. LA RÉVOLUTION RUSSE ET LA PERCEPTION DES JUIFS 4:08. While resistance to the Red Guards began on the very day after the Bolshevik uprising, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and the instinct of one-party rule became a catalyst[17] for the formation of anti-Bolshevik groups both inside and outside Russia, pushing them into action against the new Soviet government. He settled on a strategy of urban defense, proclaiming that the city would "defend itself on its own ground" and that the White Army would be lost in a labyrinth of fortified streets and there "meet its grave".[55]. [72], Stymied in his efforts to consolidate his hold, Wrangel then attacked north in an attempt to take advantage of recent Red Army defeats at the close of the Polish–Soviet War of 1919–1920. During this conference a regional bureau of Muslim organisations of the Russian Bolshevik Party was formed. CANTON GUANGZHOU " GUERRE CIVILE EN CHINE " ILLUSTRATION DE DAMBLANS 1928. [1]:27 At the beginning of December 1917, groups of volunteers and Cossacks captured Rostov. Cassell: 1959, p. 211. Editions Autrement, 2005. 7,000,000–12,000,000 total casualties, includingcivilians and non-combatants. [29] In April 1917 the Provisional Government set up this committee, which was mostly made up of former Tsarist officials. Not yet hardened by civil war, they released him when he gave his word of honour not to raise new counter-revolutionary risings. The main body of White forces, the Volunteers and the Don Army, pulled back towards the Don, to Rostov. Reacting to this, the Allies began an intervention in Northern Russia and Siberia. [19] The British and French had supported Russia during World War I on a massive scale with war materials. Jean-Jacques Marie, La guerre civile russe, 1917-1922. By July the authority of the Komuch extended over much of the area controlled by the Czechoslovak Legion. The members of the Directory were arrested and Kolchak proclaimed the "Supreme Ruler of Russia". Le mouvement ouvrier pendant la premiere guerre mondiale. Interventions alliées pendant la guerre civile russe, 1918-1920. ( Log Out /  The Bolsheviks believed that any substantial advances in the way of socialism would depend on the victory of workers’ revolution in Western Europe, way beyond the narrow bridgehead they had established so heroically and so precariously in Russia. The civil war, he says, was about “two opposed and irreconcilable systems of property: private property and collective property in the means of production”; and then he goes on to bemoan the collapse of Stalinism in 1991 as signifying the defeat of the good side in that civil war and the “liquidation” of “almost all the social gains which had been linked, despite the total absence of political and trade-union freedoms imposed by the bureaucracy, to the collective property in the means of production”. In the October Revolution the Bolshevik Party directed the Red Guard (armed groups of workers and Imperial army deserters) to seize control of Petrograd (Saint Petersburg) and immediately began the armed takeover of cities and villages throughout the former Russian Empire. ", Stone, David R. "The Russian Civil War, 1917–1921," in, Smele, Jonathan D. "Still Searching for the ‘Third Way’: Geoffrey Swain's Interventions in the Russian Civil Wars. The houses are crumbling. [51] Despite setbacks due to British invasions during 1918, the Bolsheviks continued to make progress in bringing the Central Asian population under their influence. These émigrés included a large percentage of the educated and skilled population of Russia. Boldyrev, Commander-in-Chief, appointed by the Ufa Directorate. British support of the White Army provided the greatest threat to the Red Army in Central Asia during 1918. [59] Adm. Kolchak lost control of his government shortly after this defeat; White Army forces in Siberia essentially ceased to exist by December. However, units retreating across the border were disarmed and interned by order of the Estonian government, which had entered into peace negotiations with the Soviet Government on 16 September and had been informed by the Soviet authorities of their 6 November decision that, should the White Army be allowed to retreat into Estonia, it would be pursued across the border by the Reds. A Ukrainian nationalist movement was active in Ukraine during the war. The Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries supported peasants fighting against Soviet control of food supplies. The Soviets acceded to a peace treaty, and the formal agreement, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, was ratified on 6 March. Change ), You are commenting using your Twitter account. Following the defeat of Germany in World War I in November 1918, these states were abolished. ... Guerre civile entre les armées russes blanches … Lacking ammunition, artillery and fresh reinforcements, Denikin's army was decisively defeated in a series of battles in October and November 1919. British historian Orlando Figes has contended that the root of the Whites' defeat was their inability to dispel the popular image that they were not only associated with Tsarist Russia but supportive of a Tsarist restoration, as well. In January 1918 the Bolsheviks dissolved the Russian Constituent Assembly and proclaimed the Soviets (workers' councils) as the new government of Russia. ", Mieczysław B. Biskupski, "War and the Diplomacy of Polish Independence, 1914–18.". A review of Red Army troops in Moscow in 1918. This entry was posted on 9 September, 2007 at 22:37 and is filed under Uncategorized. Coments on the condition: Médaille avec une très belle représentation au droit. There were also many … We will return to Germany and to the rise to … Soviet forces advanced east, despite encountering resistance in Chita, Yakut and Mongolia. ( Log Out /  The third period of the war was the extended siege of the last White forces in the Crimea. Following the abortive offensive at Chelyabinsk, the White armies withdrew beyond the Tobol. Obverse. Obverse description : Cinq soldats … Lenin considered it "completely certain, that the slightest aid from Finland would have determined the fate of [the city]". Accueil; Général; Travaux; Domotique; Rénovation Ces derniers sont appuyés à Petrograd même par une mutinerie des junkers, avec d… [35] Vladimir Lenin's political enemies attributed that decision to his sponsorship by the Foreign Office of Wilhelm II, German Emperor, offered to Lenin in hope that, with a revolution, Russia would withdraw from World War I. The results of the civil war were momentous. Revolt against the Bolsheviks continued, The Red Army peaked in October 1920 with 5,498,000: 2,587,000 in reserves, 391,000 in labor armies, 159,000 on the front and 1,780,000 drawing rations. For a time Central Asia was completely cut off from Red Army forces in Siberia. $31.87. Red Army attacks on the anarchist forces and their sympathisers increased in ferocity throughout 1921. Date: 1919. Viktor G. Bortnevski, "White Administration and White Terror (the Denikin Period).". Quelques combats sporadiques ont eu lieu dès les jours qui suivent la nuit de l'insurrection du 6-7 novembre 1917 (n.s). General Wrangel had gathered the remnants of Denikin's armies, occupying much of the Crimea. You submitted the following rating and review. Denikin's forces constituted a real threat and for a time threatened to reach Moscow. After a series of reverses at the front, the Bolsheviks' War Commissar, Trotsky, instituted increasingly harsh measures in order to prevent unauthorised withdrawals, desertions and mutinies in the Red Army. They would have rejected as nonsense any idea that “collective property in the means of production” – formally “collective”, but actually, as Marie well knows, ownership by a privileged bureaucracy at least as walled off from the workers and peasants as is the corps of big shareholders in Western capitalist corporations – could in itself, in abstract, in abstraction from any form of working-class political power, guarantee “social gains”. "[citation needed] It is estimated that the total output of mines and factories in 1921 had fallen to 20% of the pre-World War level, and many crucial items experienced an even more drastic decline. Ian C.D. Editions Autrement, 2005. He was able to restore order to the dispirited troops and reshape an army that could fight as a regular force again. International Encyclopedia of the First World War, International Responses to the Russian Civil War (Russian Empire), Social Conflict and Control, Protest and Repression (Russian Empire), Russian Revolution and Civil War archive at libcom.org/library, "Civil War of 1917 – 1922 at Encyclopedia of Russian History, Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers, British Campaign in Central Asia (1918–20), Ural Cossacks March from Fort Aleksandrovskoe to Persia, Red Army War Crimes during the Russian Civil War, White Army War Crimes during the Russian Civil War, Group of forces in battle with the counterrevolution in the South of Russia, Sino-Russian border conflicts (1652–1689), Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940), Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina, Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russian_Civil_War&oldid=1007509224, Civil wars involving the states and peoples of Europe, Articles with Ukrainian-language sources (uk), Wikipedia references cleanup from July 2020, Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from July 2020, All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2020, Articles containing Russian-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, American troops in Vladivostok during the. War Communism saved the Soviet government during the Civil War, but much of the Russian economy had ground to a standstill.

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